九斤毛豆

I would say it does not. Most of the New Deal goes to children, anyway, 
and to the handicapped, and to old people...
我认为并不是这样。多数的福利政策都是针对小孩子、残疾人以及老人。

-- Is that fact, or conjecture? -- It is a fact.
-- 这是事实还是推断呢？-- 是事实。

-- What's your source? -- The president.
-- 这个事实援引自......？-- 总统。

-- That's your primary source? You spoke to President Roosevelt personally?
-- Of course not. I did not speak to him personally, but I listened to his Fireside Chat.
-- 这是你的主要信息来源吗？你跟罗斯福总统亲自谈过？
-- 当然没有，我没有跟他面对面谈过。但我听过他的“炉边倾谈”。

--Any other sources?
--Yes, there are other sources. 
  Like that look in a mother's eyes when she can't feed her kids. 
  Without welfare, people  would be starving.
-- 还有其他的信息渠道吗？
-- 是的，还有，例如一个母亲无法抚养自己孩子时的眼神。
   如果没有了福利措施，人们就会挨饿。

-- Who's starving, Miss Booke?   -- The unemployed are starving.
-- 谁在挨饿，布可小姐？             -- 没有工作的人呀！



Mr. Burgess here---He's unemployed. Obviously, he's not starving. 
坐在这儿的伯吉斯先生，他也没有工作，但他显然也没有被饿着啊！



I drew you in, Miss Booke. You gave a faulty premise, so your syllogism fell apart. 
Your logic fell apart. 
Major premise: The unemployed are starving.
Minor premise: Mr. Burgess is unemployed.
Conclusion: Mr. Burgess is starving.
Your major premise was based on a faulty assumption---Classic fallacy. 
    你陷入了我的圈套，布可小姐。你给出了一个错误的前提，所以你后面的三段论就站不住脚了。你的逻辑全乱了。
    大前提：没工作的人会挨饿；小前提：伯吉斯先生没有工作；结论：伯吉斯先生会挨饿。
    你的前提建立在了一个错误的假设上——这是典型的逻辑谬误。 

下学期的英文写作课会教授Argumentation的写作，也会顺带向学生介绍syllogism和各种logical fallacies。上面这一段师生交锋很是精彩，到时候用来作为例证真是再合适不过！


Round 2: 选拔辩手时的考题





-- All right, Mr. Lowe. I will name a subject. You speak a few words...a pertinent quote 
   from world literature. "Beauty".
-- "I heard the old, old men say, all that is beautiful drifts away, like the waters."
-- 罗先生，我指定一个题目：我给你个主题，你得援引文学名著中与之相关的句子来陈述。“美丽”。
-- 我听老人们说过，所有的美丽都会消逝，就像流水一样。


-- Very good. "History".  And name the author this time.
-- "History is a nightmare, from which I am trying to awake." James Joyce.
-- 很好。“历史”——这次要说出作者。
-- “历史是场噩梦，而我一直想从中醒来。”——詹姆斯·乔伊斯。

-- “Self-pity”.
-- "I never saw a wild thing sorry for itself." D.H. Lawrence.
-- “自怨自艾”。
-- “我从未见过野蛮的事物会为自己难过。”——D.H.罗伦斯。




-- Mr. Farmer. Tell me the irony in the name "Bethlehem Steel Corporation."
-- Bethlehem is the birthplace of Jesus, Prince of Peace, 
   and Bethlehem Steel makes weapons 
-- 法默先生，解释一下“伯利恒钢铁公司”这个名字为什么具有讽刺意味？
-- 伯利恒是基督的出生地，是和平圣地，伯利恒钢铁公司却为战争制造武器。

辩手必须博闻强记，否则怎能出口成章？
写作课上经常建议学生们要多积累名人名言和文学掌故，
看过这一段，心生佩服之余，更得迎头赶上了——
Who dares to teach must never cease to learn!


Round 3: 教授辩论技巧


-- Yes, sir, I do like to talk.   
-- Is that a virtue or a vice?
-- Well, I have to admit I've always wanted to be the quiet, mysterious type, 
   only I couldn't keep my mouth shut long  enough.
-- 没错，先生，我很能说。
-- 这是优点还是缺点？
-- 哦，我必须承认我本想做个沉默又神秘的人，但我却难以长时间控制住我的嘴巴不说话。


-- Would you punch yourself in a street fight, Mr. Burgess?
-- No, sir.
-- Then don't punch yourself in a word fight. You don't have to make fun of yourself. 
   Use your humor against your opponent.
--你和人打架时会打自己吗，伯吉斯先生？
--不会的，先生。
--那么和别人打嘴仗时也别自己打自己。你不需要自嘲，而应用你的幽默来对付你的对手。

确实如此。辩论需要许多技巧：例如语言表述要多“哗众”，例如任何时候都别露怯。

Round 4: 辩论赛之一



Resolved: Unemployment relief should be ended when the Depression ends.
辩题：当经济萧条结束时失业救济的发放也应随之停止。

（首先是对手的陈述）

I traveled back through history to 1536, when the first Poor Laws of England were 
mandated. In those days, the dole, or welfare as we call it, was funded by voluntary 
contributions. But as time passed, the English devised the Allowance System, 
the first unemployment relief, only now it was paid with involuntary contributions, 
more commonly known as taxes.
追溯到1536年英格兰第一部《济贫法》颁布那时候，失业救济金，或者社会福利金，是由自愿捐款组成。随着时间的推移，英格兰设计制定了社会保障制度。第一批失业救济金改由非自愿捐款支付，也就是通常意义上的税收。 

The Allowance System was a disaster. The only real unemployment relief is to give a man 
a job. But to do that, you have to give the economy life, not tax it to death.
这个社保制度是场灾难。真正的救助是给人们一份工作。要想做到这一点，就必须把经济搞活，而不是死命地征税。

（接下来我方开始陈述）



When capitalism was young, the old puritanical concept of duty was, "He who does not work shall not eat." That made sense when there was more work than men willing to do it.
在资本主义的初期，严格意义上的“责任”这一概念就意味着“不做工者不得食”。这在那个只要你愿意工作，遍地都是工作机会的年代，确实是行的通的。

But those days are gone. Now there are millions who want to work, but find themselves 
standing in breadlines.Now, should they not eat because there have no jobs? People, 
today we need a new concept of duty: The right of the individual to demand from society 
is just as much as he gives to society.
但那样的时代已经过去了。如今有数百万人想要工作，但却发现自己只能排队等救济。那么，难道因为他们没有工作，就不给他们饭吃吗？今天的我们需要对责任有一个新的认识。每个个体对社会需求的权力和他给予这个社会的应当是一致的。

（对方辩手开始进攻）



We clutch at anything that even looks like a solution. $ 60 million a month for public relief? 
Pay it out if it'll sweep the hoboes off the streets. One seventh of the population of the United 
States on welfare. Fine, as long as it ends our misery. A nation as desperate as this is 
a danger to itself. 
任何看似解决问题的方法，我们都当它是救命稻草：一个月6千万用于公共救济？如果这能让流浪汉从大街上灭迹，那就付吧！美国有七分之一的人口靠救济金而活——没问题！只要能结束痛苦那就这样做吧！一个国家采取这样绝望的措施，这本身就是种危险。

（我方辩手予以有力反击）



Once, a Roman general brought peace to a rebellious province by killing all its citizens. 
Even his fellow Romans were shocked. One of them wrote, "Solitudinem faciunt, pacem 
appellant," which means "They create desolation and call it peace." Now, for all their 
facts and figures, the Paul quinn debaters would also create desolation and call it peace. 
They would allow the unemployed to die so the economy can live.
曾有一位罗马将军让一个叛乱的地方重新恢复和平，而他的方式就是杀掉所有居民。连他的罗马同胞都感到震惊。其中有人写道“荒芜变和平”，意思就是“当他们把国土沦为废墟，便说那就是和平。”从对方辩友提供的事实依据和数据来看，对方辩友也在创造荒芜，以制造和平的假象。他们寄希望于失业者死去，从而维系经济发展。

A brilliant young woman I know was asked once to support her argument in favor of 
social welfare. She named the most powerful source imaginable: The look in a mother's 
face when she cannot feed her children. Can you look that hungry child in the eyes? 
See the blood on his feet from walking barefoot in the cotton fields? Or do you ask his 
baby sister with her belly swollen from hunger if she cares about her daddy's work ethic?
我认识的一位出色的年轻女子曾被问及她关于社会福利观点的论据。她勾勒出最有力量的画面：一张无法养活自己孩子的母亲的脸。你敢直视挨饿孩子的那双眼睛吗？你忍心看见他因赤脚从棉花地上走过而双脚沾满鲜血？或者问他因饥饿而患上腹水肿的妹妹是否在乎他们父亲的职业道德？

引经据典在辩论中至关重要，诉诸观众的情感也同样是有力的武器。

看来一篇博文如果太长会导致歪酷抽风
只能试着拆成两篇来发了......

链接：伟大辩手：深得辩论艺术精髓之作（下）